Every year, TreeHugger and all the architectural websites troll through theEvolo competition entries, looking for the most imaginative work from young architects with time on their hands. Sometimes you just have to shake your head and wonder at the creativity and drawing skills. In 2010, I did not pay a lot of attention to Bunker Arquitectura's proposal for Earthscraper, an upside down pyramid in downtown Mexico City.
It was not a new idea, and it was not the best iteration of it that I had seen. But in two years, it has become a worldwide sensation. Emily Gertz at EcoImagination writes:
Earthscraper has become the architectural equivalent of a shot heard ’round the world. Since first surfacing this past summer on a handful of major design and tech blogs like archdaily.com, thetechnologyreview.com, and gizmag.com, this conceptual design for a 65-story, 82,000-square-foot inverted pyramid underneath Mexico City now commands over a quarter-million stories in diverse publications around the globe.
She spoke with Jeremy Faludi, who had some issues with the concept:
I think it would work much better in a dry area in a northern, colder climate, where solid ground keeps you warm, and the glass top acts as a greenhouse. In a hot climate, putting a building underground removes many ventilation opportunities—and you don’t want all that heat.
I discounted it at the time for some of the same reasons; while I admired the density, I didn't think it resolved the environmental issues. I also remembered an earlier proposal from 2007 that had the same name, Earthscraper. and I thought, from an environmental point of view, was perhaps a bit better resolved:
Sunlight goes into the building through the central hole and a system of autoregulated mirrors induces complementary light into the depths. The circulation of natural air is forced through four suction nozzles that injects renewed air to the "green rings".
But when it comes to resolving environmental issues, nobody comes close toMatthew Fromboluti, who
has designed a skyscraper that seeks not only to hold a veritable society worth of people and uses, but simultaneously heals the scarred landscape of the desert outside of Bisbee, Arizona. His project, titled “Above Below,” proposes the infill of a 900-foot deep and nearly 300-acre wide crater left by the former Lavender Pit Mine with a structure that will hold living and working areas, and green space for farming and recreation.
He's designed passive systems that work well in hot climates, including evaporative coolers and a solar chimney to create air circulation.
The land carved out by the Lavender Pit Mine is reclaimed by the desert, resembling its condition before the mine took place.
I couldn't write this post without noting the wonderful design for an underground city in Alexander Korda's wonderful 1936 film Things To Come. A giant hologram of Raymond Massey is about to fill the place.
Back at EcoImagination, Emily Gertz notes that it the popularity of the scheme took the architect by surprise:
“We were expecting to have some controversy,” says Emilio Barjau, Chief Design Officer and Design Director of BNKR Arquitectura, the Mexico City firm that created the concept. “But this recent boom is really amazing, it really surprised us. We were not expecting this to be all over news.”
It surprised me too, given the competition. Which do you like best?
You laugh at jokes. You laugh at guys getting kicked in the crotch. You laugh when you and your girlfriends get together to talk about how adorably clueless all men are. And yet science still can’t vouch for why exactly we do this. We start laughing around 3.5 or 4 months old and scientists believe it’s a way to build relationships rather than a response specifically to something funny. Researchers are still trying to figure out what triggers laughter in the brain and why being tickled, which feels a bit like torture sometimes, makes us laugh so much.
Can you imagine the first kiss in history? It makes you wonder if those people just thought, “What would happen if we mashed our mouths together?” or if it’s always been a part of human nature. We may never know, though scientists are certainly looking into it. These special kiss researchers are called philematologists and they’ve come up with theories on the origins of kissing and looked at the biological effects. Some say kissing is a learned behavior, evidenced by the fact that 10% of humans don’t kiss at all. Other scientists say that kissing is an instinct and point to the fact that some animals do it. Whichever way it is, we’re just thankful that locking lips is an accepted way of showing affection.
This may not be a strictly human behavior, but it’s puzzling nonetheless. Why is it that we open our airways to take big gaping breaths? And why do we start yawning when we see someone else doing it, or even when we just think about it? (Are you yawning yet?) The answers are unclear; different theories attribute it to a number of causes. Some believe it’s simply an involuntary act that happens when your lungs need more air. Some say the 
You know the feeling. You just tripped on the street, were talking about someone when they were right behind you, or got called on in a class you were not at all prepared for, and suddenly you can feel your whole face begin to burn. Blushing is a common response to embarrassment, but scientists aren’t sure why it happens. The how is explained by increased adrenaline allowing the blood vessels in your face to expand, allowing more blood, and thus redness, into your cheeks. Making blushing even more mysterious is that blushing from alcohol or sexual arousal has nothing to do with adrenaline, according to scientists.
Dreaming is one of our most fascinating behaviors, partially because it’s impossible to share with others. Sure, you can try to explain that strange nightmare you had, but you find yourself without a lot of explanations: “We were in our house, but it wasn’t really our house. Somehow you were there, but then you were someone else. Wait, why was it scary again?” Dreams themselves are hard for us to hold onto, and the explanation for why they occur is equally challenging to grasp. Scientists have been theorizing on the purpose of dreams for centuries, but we’re still as far away from an answer as ever. Some guesses are that we’re practicing our response to a frightening situation, that our brains are sorting through the knowledge we’ve gained during the day and purging themselves of the unnecessary bits, or that we are working through our emotions. Conclusive evidence for any of these theories seems totally out of reach.
Hiccups, the annoying, squeaky jolts you sometimes get, are a reflex of some kind, but exactly what they’re reacting to is a mystery. A hiccup occurs when your diaphragm contracts and you inhale suddenly; the sound is produced by your vocal cords closing quickly. People can get hiccups from emotional distress, swallowing too much air, drinking a lot of alcohol (classic), or even just consuming a hot beverage. All these causes make it hard for doctors to pinpoint exactly what’s going on in the body. Common ideas are that something irritates your diaphragm, causing it to spasm, or there’s a disruption in your nerve pathways.
Since we’ve been crying since birth, we rarely think about why we do it. But we’re the only species that we know of with water gushing out of our eyes when we experience emotions. Scientists think it may have done something positive for the advancement of our species, perhaps acting as a signal that enemies wouldn’t pick up, and that’s why we’ve continued to do it over the years. We now cry when we’re feeling all kinds of emotions, ranging from sadness to joy, frustration to pain, even though we’re not trying to hide our weaknesses from predators. Crying is also a way to provoke empathy from others, which may have built strong communities among our ancestors.
While blinking has the obvious benefit of moistening our eyes, we do it more than is necessary to perform this function. Researchers think the reason is probably psychological because we blink more as adults than we did when we were babies — 10 to 15 times a minute compared to just once a minute for infants. We still don’t know exactly why this is, but they’ve found that we blink less frequently when we’re really engaged in or concentrated on what we’re doing.
We hope you will never experience this sensation, but it’s one of the most mysterious phenomena that happens to humans. Amputees often say they feel like their amputated limb is still there. Some can just feel it, while others can feel actual pain in their phantom limb. Doctors aren’t sure why this happens but they have plenty of complicated explanations they think could account for it, such as severed nerve endings and the reorganization of the somatosensory cortex. We may never understand where these phantom limbs come from, but many are treated with antidepressants, electrical spinal cord stimulation, or even using a mirror box to visualize the phantom limb and practice relaxing it.
